Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Can flexible couplings be used in servo motor and stepper motor applications?
Yes, flexible couplings are commonly used in both servo motor and stepper motor applications. They play a crucial role in connecting the motor shaft to the driven load while compensating for misalignments and providing other essential benefits:
- Servo Motor Applications: Servo motors require precise motion control and high responsiveness. Flexible couplings are well-suited for servo motor applications because they offer the following advantages:
- Misalignment Compensation: Servo motors are sensitive to misalignments, which can lead to decreased performance and increased wear. Flexible couplings can accommodate angular, parallel, and axial misalignments, ensuring that the motor and driven load remain properly aligned during operation.
- Vibration Damping: Flexible couplings help reduce vibrations, which is crucial for servo motor applications that require smooth and precise motion. By absorbing and dissipating vibrations, flexible couplings contribute to the overall stability and accuracy of the system.
- Backlash Minimization: Some flexible couplings have minimal to no backlash, making them suitable for high-precision servo motor applications where any play or clearance between components could affect performance.
- High Torque Capacity: Servo motors often require high torque transmission capabilities. Flexible couplings are available in various designs and materials, allowing for the selection of couplings with appropriate torque ratings for specific servo motor applications.
- Stepper Motor Applications: Stepper motors are commonly used in open-loop control systems where precise positioning is necessary. Flexible couplings are used in stepper motor applications due to the following reasons:
- Misalignment Tolerance: Stepper motors can experience misalignments, especially in dynamic applications. Flexible couplings can handle misalignments without introducing significant backlash or affecting the stepper motor’s accuracy.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Flexible couplings are often more cost-effective than other types of couplings, making them a practical choice for stepper motor applications, especially in cases where precision requirements are not as stringent as in servo motor systems.
- Shock Load Absorption: Some stepper motor applications involve abrupt starts and stops, leading to shock loads. Flexible couplings can absorb these shocks and protect the motor and driven load from damage.
- Simplicity: Flexible couplings are simple in design and easy to install, making them a popular choice in various stepper motor applications.
Overall, flexible couplings offer valuable benefits in both servo motor and stepper motor applications. They help improve system performance, reduce wear on components, and enhance the overall reliability of the motion control systems they are employed in.
What are the key considerations for selecting a flexible coupling for high-speed applications?
When selecting a flexible coupling for high-speed applications, several critical considerations should be taken into account to ensure optimal performance and reliability:
- Material and Design: Choose a flexible coupling made from high-quality materials that can withstand the high rotational speeds without experiencing excessive wear or fatigue. Consider designs that are specifically engineered for high-speed applications, ensuring they have the required torsional stiffness and damping characteristics.
- Balance: Imbalance at high speeds can lead to vibration and reduce the lifespan of the coupling and connected components. Look for precision-balanced flexible couplings that minimize vibration and avoid any potential resonance issues at operating speeds.
- Torsional Stiffness: In high-speed applications, torsional stiffness is crucial to maintaining accurate rotational timing and preventing torque losses. Choose a flexible coupling with adequate torsional stiffness to minimize angular deflection under load.
- Dynamic Balancing: Dynamic balancing is essential for flexible couplings used in high-speed applications. A dynamically balanced coupling reduces vibrations caused by rotational imbalances, increasing the smoothness and stability of the system.
- Temperature Resistance: High-speed operations can generate significant heat, so select a flexible coupling that can withstand the elevated temperatures without compromising its mechanical properties or causing premature failure.
- Alignment and Runout Tolerance: Accurate alignment of the coupling with the shafts is crucial to prevent additional stress and vibration. Consider couplings with high runout tolerance and ease of alignment to facilitate proper installation.
- Service Life and Maintenance: Evaluate the expected service life of the flexible coupling in high-speed applications. Low-maintenance couplings are desirable to reduce downtime and maintenance costs.
- Application Specifics: Consider the specific requirements of the high-speed application, such as the magnitude of torque, axial movement, and the presence of shock loads. Choose a coupling that can handle these specific demands while maintaining performance at high speeds.
- Compliance with Standards: Ensure that the selected flexible coupling complies with relevant industry standards and specifications, especially those related to high-speed performance and safety.
By carefully considering these key factors, engineers can choose a flexible coupling that meets the demands of high-speed applications, delivering reliable and efficient power transmission while minimizing the risk of premature wear, vibration, and downtime.
What are the maintenance requirements for flexible couplings?
Maintenance of flexible couplings is essential to ensure their reliable and efficient performance over their service life. Proper maintenance helps prevent premature wear, reduces the risk of unexpected failures, and extends the lifespan of the couplings. Here are some key maintenance requirements for flexible couplings:
- Regular Inspection: Perform regular visual inspections of the flexible couplings to check for signs of wear, damage, or misalignment. Look for cracks, tears, or any other visible issues in the coupling components.
- Lubrication: Some flexible couplings, especially those with moving parts or sliding surfaces, may require periodic lubrication. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding the type and frequency of lubrication to ensure smooth operation.
- Alignment Checks: Misalignment is a common cause of coupling failure. Regularly check the alignment of the connected shafts and adjust as necessary. Proper alignment reduces stress on the coupling and improves power transmission efficiency.
- Torque Monitoring: Monitoring the torque transmitted through the coupling can help detect any abnormal or excessive loads. If the coupling is subjected to loads beyond its rated capacity, it may lead to premature failure.
- Environmental Protection: If the couplings are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, take measures to protect them from dust, dirt, moisture, and corrosive substances. Consider using protective covers or seals to shield the couplings from potential contaminants.
- Temperature Considerations: Ensure that the operating temperature of the flexible coupling is within its designed range. Excessive heat can accelerate wear, while extremely low temperatures may affect the flexibility of certain coupling materials.
- Replace Worn or Damaged Parts: If any components of the flexible coupling show signs of wear or damage, replace them promptly with genuine replacement parts from the manufacturer.
- Manufacturer’s Guidelines: Follow the maintenance guidelines provided by the coupling manufacturer. They often include specific maintenance intervals and procedures tailored to the coupling’s design and materials.
- Training and Expertise: Ensure that maintenance personnel have the necessary training and expertise to inspect and maintain the flexible couplings properly. Improper maintenance practices can lead to further issues and compromise the coupling’s performance.
By adhering to these maintenance requirements, you can maximize the service life of the flexible couplings and minimize the risk of unexpected downtime or costly repairs. Regular maintenance helps maintain the efficiency and reliability of the coupling in various industrial, automotive, and machinery applications.
editor by CX 2024-04-19
China factory CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
How do flexible couplings handle axial movement in rotating machinery?
Flexible couplings are designed to handle different types of misalignments in rotating machinery, including axial movement or axial misalignment. Axial movement occurs when there is displacement along the axis of rotation, causing one shaft to move closer to or away from the other shaft. Here’s how flexible couplings handle axial movement:
- Sliding Capability: Many flexible couplings, especially those with elastomeric elements or certain designs, can slide along the shafts they connect. This sliding capability allows the coupling to accommodate axial movement without introducing additional stress on the connected components. The elastomeric elements can compress or stretch slightly to absorb the axial displacement.
- Multiple-piece Designs: Some flexible couplings consist of multiple pieces, which allow for axial movement. These designs often have a floating member or a spacer that separates the two shaft-connected components. The floating member can move axially as needed, while still transmitting torque and compensating for other misalignments.
- Double-Cardanic Design: Certain high-performance flexible couplings use a double-cardanic design, allowing for misalignment in multiple directions, including axial movement. This design features two sets of flexible elements that work together to accommodate different misalignments and provide a high degree of flexibility.
It’s important to note that while flexible couplings can handle a certain degree of axial movement, excessive axial misalignment might require a different type of coupling or additional measures to be addressed properly.
During the selection and installation process, it’s essential to consider the application’s axial movement requirements and choose a flexible coupling that can accommodate the expected axial displacement while still providing the desired performance, such as vibration damping, shock absorption, or precision motion control.
How does a flexible coupling accommodate changes in shaft alignment due to thermal expansion?
Flexible couplings are designed to accommodate changes in shaft alignment that occur due to thermal expansion in rotating machinery. When equipment operates at elevated temperatures, the materials used in the shafts and other components expand, causing shifts in the relative positions of the connected shafts. This thermal expansion can lead to misalignment, which, if not addressed, may result in additional stress on the equipment and premature wear.
Flexible couplings employ specific design features that allow them to handle thermal-induced misalignment effectively:
- Flexibility: The primary feature of a flexible coupling is its ability to flex and deform to some extent. This flexibility allows the coupling to absorb small amounts of angular, parallel, and axial misalignment that may result from thermal expansion. As the shafts expand or contract, the flexible coupling compensates for the misalignment, helping to maintain proper alignment between the two shafts.
- Radial Clearance: Some flexible couplings, such as elastomeric couplings, have radial clearance between the coupling’s mating parts. This radial clearance provides additional room for the shafts to move laterally during thermal expansion without creating excessive forces on the coupling or connected equipment.
- Sliding Elements: Certain flexible couplings feature sliding elements that can move relative to each other. This capability allows the coupling to accommodate axial displacement resulting from thermal expansion or other factors.
- Flexible Element Materials: The materials used in the flexible elements of the coupling are chosen for their ability to handle the temperature range experienced in the application. Elastomeric materials, for example, can be selected to withstand high temperatures while still maintaining their flexibility.
It is essential to understand that while flexible couplings can compensate for some degree of thermal-induced misalignment, there are limits to their capabilities. If the thermal expansion exceeds the coupling’s compensating range, additional measures, such as incorporating expansion joints or using specialized couplings designed for greater misalignment compensation, may be necessary.
When selecting a flexible coupling for an application with potential thermal expansion, it is crucial to consider the expected operating temperature range and the level of misalignment that may occur due to thermal effects. Working with coupling manufacturers and consulting coupling catalogs can help in choosing the most suitable coupling type and size for the specific thermal conditions of the machinery.
How does a flexible coupling protect connected equipment from shock loads and vibrations?
Flexible couplings play a crucial role in protecting connected equipment from shock loads and vibrations by providing damping and isolation capabilities. When machines or mechanical systems experience sudden shock loads or vibrations, the flexible coupling acts as a buffer, absorbing and dissipating the impact, thereby reducing the transmitted forces and protecting the equipment. Here’s how flexible couplings achieve this:
- Damping of Vibrations: Flexible couplings are often made from materials that exhibit damping properties. When vibrations are transmitted through the shafts, the flexible coupling’s material can absorb a portion of the vibrational energy, converting it into heat. This dissipation of energy helps reduce the amplitude of the vibrations and prevents them from propagating further into the connected equipment.
- Vibration Isolation: In addition to damping vibrations, flexible couplings also offer a degree of vibration isolation. They are designed to decouple the two shafts, which means that vibrations occurring on one shaft are not directly transmitted to the other shaft. This isolation effect prevents vibrations from propagating across the entire system and minimizes the impact on sensitive equipment or nearby components.
- Shock Absorption: When the connected machinery experiences sudden shock loads, such as during a startup or abrupt changes in load, the flexible coupling can act as a shock absorber. The coupling’s design allows it to deform slightly under the impact, absorbing and distributing the shock energy. This prevents the shock from being directly transferred to the connected equipment, reducing the risk of damage or premature wear.
- Misalignment Compensation: Flexible couplings are capable of compensating for misalignment between the shafts. Misalignment can lead to additional stresses and vibrations in the system. By allowing for some degree of angular, parallel, and axial misalignment, the flexible coupling reduces the forces transmitted to the connected equipment and the supporting structures.
- Reduction of Resonance Effects: Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when the natural frequency of a system matches the frequency of external vibrations, leading to amplified vibrations. Flexible couplings can help avoid resonance effects by altering the system’s natural frequency and providing some level of flexibility that damps the resonance response.
By incorporating a flexible coupling into the drivetrain or power transmission system, equipment manufacturers and operators can significantly improve the reliability and longevity of connected machinery. The coupling’s ability to dampen vibrations, isolate shocks, and compensate for misalignment contributes to a smoother and more stable operation, reducing maintenance requirements and enhancing overall system performance.
In summary, flexible couplings act as protective elements, shielding connected equipment from shock loads and vibrations. Their ability to dampen vibrations, isolate shocks, and compensate for misalignment contributes to a smoother and more reliable operation of various mechanical systems.
editor by CX 2024-04-08
China high quality CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
How do you install and align a flexible coupling properly to ensure optimal performance?
Proper installation and alignment of a flexible coupling are essential to ensure its optimal performance and longevity. Incorrect installation can lead to premature wear, increased vibrations, and potential equipment failure. Below are the steps to install and align a flexible coupling properly:
1. Pre-Installation Inspection:
Before installation, inspect the flexible coupling and its components for any visible damage or defects. Check that the coupling’s size and specifications match the application requirements. Ensure that the shafts and equipment connected to the coupling are clean and free from debris.
2. Shaft Preparation:
Prepare the shafts by removing any oil, grease, or contaminants from the surfaces that will come into contact with the coupling. Ensure that the shaft ends are smooth and free from burrs that could affect the fit of the coupling.
3. Coupling Hub Installation:
Slide the coupling hubs onto the shafts, ensuring they are positioned securely and evenly on each shaft. Use a lubricant recommended by the manufacturer to facilitate the installation and ensure a proper fit.
4. Alignment:
Proper alignment is critical for the performance and longevity of the flexible coupling. Align the shafts by checking both angular and parallel misalignment. Utilize precision alignment tools, such as dial indicators or laser alignment systems, to achieve accurate alignment. Follow the manufacturer’s alignment specifications and tolerance limits.
5. Tightening Fasteners:
Once the shafts are properly aligned, tighten the coupling’s fasteners to the manufacturer’s recommended torque values. Gradually tighten the fasteners in a cross pattern to ensure even distribution of the load on the coupling hubs. Avoid over-tightening, as it may cause distortion or damage to the coupling.
6. Run-Out Check:
After installation, perform a run-out check to verify that the coupling’s rotating components are balanced and aligned. Excessive run-out can lead to vibrations and reduce the coupling’s performance. If significant run-out is detected, recheck the alignment and address any issues that may be causing it.
7. Lubrication:
Ensure that the flexible coupling is adequately lubricated, following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Proper lubrication reduces friction and wear, enhancing the coupling’s efficiency and reliability.
8. Periodic Inspection and Maintenance:
Regularly inspect the flexible coupling for signs of wear, misalignment, or damage. Address any issues promptly to prevent further problems. Depending on the coupling type and application, scheduled maintenance may include re-greasing, re-alignment, or replacing worn components.
Summary:
Proper installation and alignment are crucial for ensuring the optimal performance and longevity of a flexible coupling. Following the manufacturer’s guidelines, inspecting the components, achieving accurate alignment, and using the appropriate lubrication are key steps in the installation process. Regular inspection and maintenance help to identify and address potential issues, ensuring the coupling continues to operate smoothly and efficiently in the mechanical system.
Can flexible couplings be used in power generation equipment, such as turbines and generators?
Yes, flexible couplings are commonly used in power generation equipment, including turbines and generators. These critical components of power generation systems require reliable and efficient shaft connections to transfer power from the prime mover (e.g., steam turbine, gas turbine, or internal combustion engine) to the electricity generator.
Flexible couplings play a vital role in power generation equipment for the following reasons:
- Misalignment Compensation: Power generation machinery often experiences misalignment due to factors like thermal expansion, settling, and foundation shifts. Flexible couplings can accommodate these misalignments, reducing the stress on shafts and minimizing wear on connected components.
- Vibration Dampening: Turbines and generators can generate significant vibrations during operation. Flexible couplings help dampen these vibrations, reducing the risk of resonance and excessive mechanical stress on the system.
- Torsional Shock Absorption: Power generation equipment may encounter torsional shocks during startup and shutdown processes. Flexible couplings can absorb and dissipate these shocks, protecting the entire drivetrain from damage.
- Isolation of High Torque Loads: Some power generation systems may have torque fluctuations during operation. Flexible couplings can isolate these fluctuations, preventing them from propagating to other components.
- Electrical Isolation: In certain cases, flexible couplings with non-metallic elements can provide electrical isolation, preventing the transmission of electrical currents between shafts.
Power generation applications impose specific requirements on flexible couplings, such as high torque capacity, robust construction, and resistance to environmental factors like temperature and humidity. Different types of flexible couplings, including elastomeric, metallic, and composite couplings, are available to meet the varying demands of power generation equipment.
When selecting a flexible coupling for power generation equipment, engineers must consider factors such as the type of prime mover, torque and speed requirements, operating conditions, and the specific application’s environmental challenges. Consulting with coupling manufacturers and following their engineering recommendations can help ensure the appropriate coupling is chosen for each power generation system.
Are there any limitations or disadvantages of using flexible couplings?
While flexible couplings offer numerous advantages, they do come with some limitations and disadvantages that should be considered when selecting them for specific applications. Here are some of the common limitations and disadvantages of using flexible couplings:
- Torsional Stiffness: Flexible couplings provide some level of torsional flexibility, which is advantageous in many applications. However, in systems that require high precision and minimal angular deflection, the inherent flexibility of the coupling may not be suitable. In such cases, a rigid coupling may be more appropriate.
- Limitation in High-Torque Applications: While some flexible couplings can handle moderate to high torque levels, they may not be as well-suited for extremely high-torque applications. In such cases, specialized couplings, such as gear couplings, may be required to handle the high torque demands.
- Temperature Limitations: The performance of certain flexible coupling materials, especially elastomers and plastics, may be affected by extreme temperature conditions. High temperatures can lead to premature wear and reduced lifespan of the coupling, while low temperatures may result in reduced flexibility and potential brittleness.
- Chemical Compatibility: Certain flexible coupling materials may not be compatible with certain chemicals or substances present in the application’s environment. Exposure to chemicals can cause degradation or corrosion of the coupling material, affecting its performance and lifespan.
- Installation and Alignment: Flexible couplings require proper installation and alignment to function effectively. If not installed correctly, misalignment issues may persist, leading to premature wear and reduced performance. Aligning the shafts accurately can be time-consuming and may require specialized equipment and expertise.
- Cost: In some cases, flexible couplings may be more expensive than rigid couplings due to their more complex design and use of specialized materials. However, the cost difference is often justified by the benefits they offer in terms of misalignment compensation and vibration damping.
- Service Life: The service life of a flexible coupling can vary depending on the application’s conditions and the quality of the coupling. Regular maintenance and timely replacement of worn or damaged parts are essential to ensure the coupling’s longevity and prevent unexpected failures.
Despite these limitations, flexible couplings remain highly valuable components in a wide range of applications, providing efficient torque transmission and compensating for misalignment. Proper selection, installation, and maintenance can help mitigate many of the disadvantages associated with flexible couplings, ensuring their reliable and long-lasting performance in various mechanical systems.
editor by CX 2024-03-12
China Custom Aluminium Plum Flexible Shaft Coupling D25L30 Motor Connector Flexible Coupler
Product Description
Product Description:
Coupling is used to link the 2 different organizations shaft (driving shaft and driven shaft) to rotate to common transmission torque of mechanical parts.The overloaded power transmission at high speed, some coupling and buffer, vibration and enhance the role of shaft system dynamic performance.Coupling consists of 2 parts, respectively, and the driving shaft and driven shaft connection.
| Brand | SHAC |
| Raw material | Aluminum |
| Inner Diameter | 4-60MM |
| Length | 25-140MM |
| Model number | JM1,JM2,JDM,JM-T,JH,TM1/TM2/TM3/TM4,JB,JG,JT |
| Packing | Plastic bag+inner box.According to customer’s request |
| Sample | Free sample and catalogue available |
| Certification | ISO 9001 , ISO 14001 , ISO 14000 |
| Application | CNC machines, medical and food machinery, fitness machinery, packaging machinery, printing machinery, and other machinery supporting equipment. |
Detailed Photos
Company Profile
Certifications
Our Advantages
Service:
1,Our Team:
We have experienced and qualified team of marketing and sales representatives to serve our valued customers with the finest products and unsurpassed service.And have professional engineers team to assessment and development the new precision products,and make the OEM customized more easily,experienced QC team to test the products quaity ensure the goods quality before delivery out.
2,Our products:
Quality is the life .We use only the best quality material to ensure the precision of our
Product.All products we sold out are strictly selected and tested by our QC department.
3,Payment:
We accept payment via TT (Bank transfer), L/C,Western Union.
4,Shipping method:
Including DHL, UPS, TNT, FEDEX,EMS, Airfreight and by Sea,as customer required.
To get sample or price list of linear gudies,ball screw, please contact us.
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
What are the real-world applications of flexible couplings in various industries?
Flexible couplings are widely used in a variety of industries to transmit power and motion between rotating shafts while accommodating misalignments and reducing vibrations. Some of the real-world applications of flexible couplings include:
- Industrial Machinery: Flexible couplings are extensively used in industrial machinery such as pumps, compressors, fans, mixers, and conveyors. They help transmit power from motors to driven equipment, while absorbing misalignments and reducing shock loads and vibrations.
- Automotive: In the automotive industry, flexible couplings are used in various applications, including drive shafts, steering systems, and engine accessories. They help transmit power and motion while allowing for misalignment and reducing torsional vibrations.
- Aerospace: In aircraft and aerospace applications, flexible couplings are used in engine systems, landing gear, and flight control systems. They provide reliable power transmission while accommodating misalignment and reducing vibrations in the demanding aerospace environment.
- Marine: Flexible couplings are used in marine propulsion systems to connect the engine to the propeller shaft. They help transmit power and motion while compensating for shaft misalignment and reducing vibrations in marine vessels.
- Renewable Energy: In wind turbines and solar tracking systems, flexible couplings are used to transfer power and motion between the turbine or solar panel and the generator. They allow for misalignment caused by wind and sun direction changes, ensuring optimal energy conversion.
- Oil and Gas: In the oil and gas industry, flexible couplings are used in pumps, compressors, and drilling equipment. They provide reliable power transmission while accommodating misalignments and reducing vibrations in harsh and demanding oilfield environments.
- Mining and Construction: Flexible couplings are used in heavy-duty mining and construction equipment, including excavators, bulldozers, and loaders. They help transmit power from engines to drive systems while compensating for misalignments and reducing vibrations in rugged and challenging environments.
- Food and Beverage: In food processing and packaging machinery, flexible couplings are used to transmit power and motion while meeting strict hygiene and safety requirements. They help prevent contamination while accommodating shaft misalignments.
- Medical Equipment: Flexible couplings are used in medical devices and equipment, including imaging machines and robotic surgical systems. They help transmit motion and power while reducing vibrations and maintaining precision.
- Textile Industry: In textile manufacturing machines, flexible couplings are used in spinning, weaving, and dyeing processes. They help transmit power efficiently while accommodating misalignments and reducing vibrations during high-speed operation.
These are just a few examples of the diverse applications of flexible couplings in various industries. Their ability to enhance power transmission efficiency, accommodate misalignments, and reduce vibrations makes them a versatile and indispensable component in modern machinery and equipment.
What are the differences between flexible couplings and rigid couplings in terms of performance?
Flexible couplings and rigid couplings are two distinct types of couplings used in mechanical systems, and they differ significantly in terms of performance and applications.
- Torsional Flexibility: The primary difference between flexible and rigid couplings lies in their ability to handle misalignments and torsional flexibility. Flexible couplings are designed with elements, such as elastomeric inserts or metal bellows, that can deform or twist to accommodate shaft misalignments, angular offsets, and axial movements. On the other hand, rigid couplings do not have any flexibility and maintain a fixed connection between the shafts, which means they cannot compensate for misalignment.
- Misalignment Compensation: Flexible couplings can absorb and mitigate misalignment between shafts, reducing stress and wear on connected components. In contrast, rigid couplings require precise alignment during installation, and any misalignment can lead to increased loads on the shafts and bearings, potentially leading to premature failure.
- Vibration Damping: Flexible couplings, especially those with elastomeric elements, offer damping properties that can absorb and dissipate vibrations. This damping capability reduces the transmission of vibrations and shocks through the drivetrain, improving the overall system performance and protecting connected equipment. Rigid couplings, being solid and without damping elements, do not provide this vibration damping effect.
- Backlash: Flexible couplings can have some degree of backlash due to their flexibility, particularly in certain designs. Backlash is the play or free movement between connected shafts. In contrast, rigid couplings have minimal or no backlash, providing a more precise and immediate response to changes in rotational direction.
- Torque Transmission: Rigid couplings are more efficient in transmitting torque since they do not have any flexible elements that can absorb some torque. Flexible couplings, while capable of transmitting substantial torque, may experience some power loss due to the deformation of their flexible components.
- Applications: Flexible couplings are widely used in applications that require misalignment compensation, damping, and shock absorption, such as pumps, motors, and industrial machinery. On the other hand, rigid couplings are used in situations where precise alignment is critical, such as connecting shafts of well-aligned components or shafts that require synchronous operation, like in some encoder applications.
In summary, flexible couplings excel in applications where misalignment compensation, vibration damping, and shock absorption are required. They are more forgiving in terms of alignment errors and can accommodate dynamic loads. Rigid couplings, on the other hand, are used in situations where precise alignment and zero backlash are essential, ensuring direct and immediate power transmission between shafts.
Can flexible couplings be used in both horizontal and vertical shaft arrangements?
Yes, flexible couplings can be used in both horizontal and vertical shaft arrangements. The design of flexible couplings allows them to accommodate misalignment and compensate for angular, parallel, and axial displacements between the shafts, making them suitable for various shaft orientations.
Horizontal Shaft Arrangements:
In horizontal shaft arrangements, where the shafts are parallel to the ground or horizontal plane, flexible couplings are commonly used to connect two rotating shafts. These couplings help transmit torque from one shaft to another while accommodating any misalignment that may occur during operation. Horizontal shaft arrangements are common in applications such as pumps, compressors, conveyors, and industrial machinery.
Vertical Shaft Arrangements:
In vertical shaft arrangements, where the shafts are perpendicular to the ground or vertical plane, flexible couplings are also applicable. Vertical shafts often require couplings that can handle the additional weight and forces resulting from gravity. Flexible couplings designed for vertical applications can support the weight of the rotating equipment while allowing for some axial movement to accommodate thermal expansion or other displacements. Vertical shaft arrangements are commonly found in applications such as pumps, gearboxes, turbines, and some marine propulsion systems.
Considerations for Vertical Shaft Arrangements:
When using flexible couplings in vertical shaft arrangements, there are a few additional considerations to keep in mind:
- Thrust Load: Vertical shafts can generate thrust loads, especially in upward or downward direction. The flexible coupling should be selected based on its capacity to handle both radial and axial loads to accommodate these forces.
- Lubrication: Some vertical couplings may require additional lubrication to ensure smooth operation and reduce wear, particularly if they are exposed to high axial loads or extended vertical shafts.
- Support and Bearing: Proper support and bearing arrangements for the vertical shaft are essential to prevent excessive shaft deflection and ensure the flexible coupling functions correctly.
Overall, flexible couplings are versatile and adaptable to various shaft orientations, providing efficient power transmission and misalignment compensation. Whether in horizontal or vertical arrangements, using the appropriate flexible coupling design and considering the specific application requirements will help ensure reliable and efficient operation.
editor by CX 2024-03-04
China Aluminum Motor Guide Shaft Rigid Flange Coupling Motor Coupler Connector coupling alignment
Item Description
| Certification | ISO9001:2018SGSTS16949 |
| Quality |
CNC device, CNC Turning, CNC Milling, CNC heart equipment, automobile lathe machine, Wire-chopping Machine CNC punching machines, CNC bending machines CNT stamping machine, CNC/vehicle lathe machine, Drilling equipment, Hydraulic equipment, Riveting machine, Tapping equipment, welding machine, Movie attaching machine, etc. |
| Materials |
Aluminum, Steel, SPCC, SGCC,SECC, SPTE, Stainless steel, Brass, Copper, Bronze, ABS, PC, PO, POM, Nylon, etc. |
| Surface finish |
Anodized, Oxide, Plating, Brushing, Polishing, Blackened, Powder coating, Sandblasting, Laser engraving Zn-plating, Ni-plating, Cr-plating, Tin-plating, copper-plating, the wreath oxygen resin spraying, the warmth disposing, scorching-dip galvanizing, black oxide coating, portray, powdering, color zinc-plated, blue-black zinc-plated, rust preventive oil, titanium alloy galvanized, silver plating, plastic, electroplating, anodizing, and so on |
| Inspection Equipment |
CMM, Projection, Calipers, Micro caliper, Thread Micro caliper, Pin gauge, Caliper gauge, Pass meter, Pass meter, and so forth. |
| Drawing formation | PDF, CAD/DWG/DXF, IGS/STP etc. |
HangZhou Bifu Industrial Co., Ltd. is a complete factory that specialised in fasteners, CNC elements, stamping components, equipment elements, and so on. Because the institution of the business, we have handed ISO9001: 2018, SGS, TS16949.
Our factory handles an region of 5,000 sq. meters and has fifty eight workers, which includes 5 R & D personnel and 5 good quality inspection personnel.
Significant places of services consist of automotive, bicycle and motorbike, industrial automation, agricultural products, digital electronics, health care tools, and so on.
Hunting forward to your cooperation.
one. We have Specialized QC testers to check the products quality according to customers’ demands.
2. We have IQC to check the dimensions and surface of the incoming material.
3. We have PQC to inspect full-course during the processing.
4. We have FQC to inspect all the plating products from outsides and make the 100% inspection before the shipments.
FAQ:
Q1: Why select ZheJiang n?
To give our clients with 1st-course solutions in the offer of quality screws minimizing costs.
Q2: How is good quality ensured?
All our procedures strictly adhere to ISO9001:2018 techniques. We have strict high quality management from making to shipping and delivery. Our company experienced sturdy technology support, 80% of our colleagues are learn or bachelor’s degree. We have cultivated a group of managers who are familiar with merchandise good quality , great at modern principle of management.
Q3: Can You Strictly Comply with The Tolerance on The Drawing And Fulfill The Higher Precision?
Yes, we can, we can give high precision elements and make the components as your drawing.
Q4: How should I get and make payment?
By T/T, for samples one hundred% with the order for production, thirty% paid for deposit by T/T before manufacturing arrangement, the equilibrium to be paid out just before shipment. negotiation approved.
Q5: What’s your Supply Time?
Standard elements: 7-20days
Non-normal elements: fifteen-25days
We will make the delivery as quickly as possible with the promise high quality
Q6:How to Personalized-created (OEM/ODM)?
If you have a new product drawing or a sample, make sure you send to us, and we can custom made-created the as your required. We will also provide our skilled advices of the items to make the design and style to be more realized & maximize the efficiency.
Q7:Which mode of transportation would be much better?
In general, the product are heavy, we guidance to make shipping by sea, Also we respect your views of other transportation as well.
|
US $0.1-8.8 / Piece | |
100 Pieces (Min. Order) |
###
| Standard Or Nonstandard: | Standard |
|---|---|
| Shaft Hole: | 8-24 |
| Torque: | >80N.M |
| Bore Diameter: | 4-16mm 1/4′′-1 1/4′′ |
| Speed: | 8000r/M |
| Structure: | Rigid |
###
| Samples: |
US$ 20/Piece
1 Piece(Min.Order) |
|---|
###
| Customization: |
Available
|
|---|
###
| Certification | ISO9001:2018;SGS;TS16949 |
| Quality |
CNC machine, CNC Turning, CNC Milling, CNC center machine, auto lathe machine, Wire-cutting Machine CNC punching machines, CNC bending machines CNT stamping machine, CNC/auto lathe machine, Drilling machine, Hydraulic machine, Riveting machine, Tapping machine, welding machine, Film attaching machine, etc. |
| Materials |
Aluminum, Steel, SPCC, SGCC,SECC, SPTE, Stainless steel, Brass, Copper, Bronze, ABS, PC, PO, POM, Nylon, etc. |
| Surface finish |
Anodized, Oxide, Plating, Brushing, Polishing, Blackened, Powder coating, Sandblasting, Laser engraving Zn-plating, Ni-plating, Cr-plating, Tin-plating, copper-plating, the wreath oxygen resin spraying, the heat disposing, hot-dip galvanizing, black oxide coating, painting, powdering, color zinc-plated, blue-black zinc-plated, rust preventive oil, titanium alloy galvanized, silver plating, plastic, electroplating, anodizing, etc |
| Inspection Equipment |
CMM, Projection, Calipers, Micro caliper, Thread Micro caliper, Pin gauge, Caliper gauge, Pass meter, Pass meter, etc. |
| Drawing formation | PDF, CAD/DWG/DXF, IGS/STP etc. |
|
US $0.1-8.8 / Piece | |
100 Pieces (Min. Order) |
###
| Standard Or Nonstandard: | Standard |
|---|---|
| Shaft Hole: | 8-24 |
| Torque: | >80N.M |
| Bore Diameter: | 4-16mm 1/4′′-1 1/4′′ |
| Speed: | 8000r/M |
| Structure: | Rigid |
###
| Samples: |
US$ 20/Piece
1 Piece(Min.Order) |
|---|
###
| Customization: |
Available
|
|---|
###
| Certification | ISO9001:2018;SGS;TS16949 |
| Quality |
CNC machine, CNC Turning, CNC Milling, CNC center machine, auto lathe machine, Wire-cutting Machine CNC punching machines, CNC bending machines CNT stamping machine, CNC/auto lathe machine, Drilling machine, Hydraulic machine, Riveting machine, Tapping machine, welding machine, Film attaching machine, etc. |
| Materials |
Aluminum, Steel, SPCC, SGCC,SECC, SPTE, Stainless steel, Brass, Copper, Bronze, ABS, PC, PO, POM, Nylon, etc. |
| Surface finish |
Anodized, Oxide, Plating, Brushing, Polishing, Blackened, Powder coating, Sandblasting, Laser engraving Zn-plating, Ni-plating, Cr-plating, Tin-plating, copper-plating, the wreath oxygen resin spraying, the heat disposing, hot-dip galvanizing, black oxide coating, painting, powdering, color zinc-plated, blue-black zinc-plated, rust preventive oil, titanium alloy galvanized, silver plating, plastic, electroplating, anodizing, etc |
| Inspection Equipment |
CMM, Projection, Calipers, Micro caliper, Thread Micro caliper, Pin gauge, Caliper gauge, Pass meter, Pass meter, etc. |
| Drawing formation | PDF, CAD/DWG/DXF, IGS/STP etc. |
Types of Couplings
A coupling is a device that connects two shafts and transmits power from one to the other. Its main purpose is to join two pieces of rotating equipment. It also allows for some degree of misalignment or end movement. Here are a few examples of coupling types: Beam coupling, Flexible coupling, Magnetic coupling, and Shaft coupling.
Beam coupling
Beam couplings are used to couple motors and other devices. They are available in several types, including flexible, slit, and rigid beam couplings. Each has unique properties and characteristics. These couplings are best for applications requiring a high level of precision and long life. They are also a practical solution for the connection of stepping and servo motors with screw rods.
Beam couplings are usually made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy, and feature spiral and parallel cut designs. Multiple cuts allow the coupling to accommodate multiple beams and improve angular and parallel misalignment tolerances. Additionally, beam couplings are comparatively cheaper than other types of rotary joints, and they require minimal maintenance.
The materials of a beam coupling should be considered early in the specification process. They are typically made of aluminum or stainless steel, but they can also be manufactured from Delrin, titanium, and other engineering grade materials. Beam couplings are often available in multiple sizes to fit specific shaft diameters.
Beam couplings are a key component of motion control systems. They provide excellent characteristics when used properly, and they are a popular choice for many applications. A thorough understanding of each type of coupling will help to prevent coupling failure and enhance system performance. Therefore, it is important to choose the right coupling for your application.
Various types of beam couplings have unique advantages and disadvantages. The FCR/FSR design has two sets of three beams. It is available in both metric and inch shaft sizes. The FCR/FSR couplings are ideal for light-duty power transmission applications. A metric shaft is more suitable for these applications, while an inch shaft is preferred for heavier duty applications.
Two types of beam couplings are available from Ruland. The Ruland Flexible beam coupling has a multi-helical cut design that offers a greater flexibility than commodity beam couplings. This design allows for higher torque capabilities while minimizing wind-up. In addition, it is also more durable than its commodity counterparts.
Flexible coupling
A flexible coupling is a versatile mechanical connection that allows for the easy coupling of two moving parts. The design of these couplings allows for a variety of stiffness levels and can address a variety of problems, such as torsional vibrations or critical speed. However, there are a number of tradeoffs associated with flexible couplings.
One of the biggest issues is the installation of the coupling, which requires stretching. This problem can be exacerbated by cold temperatures. In such a case, it is vital to install the coupling properly. Using a gear clamp is one of the most important steps in a successful installation. A gear clamp will keep the coupling in place and prevent it from leaking.
Another common type of flexible coupling is the gear coupling. These couplings are composed of two hubs with crowned external gear teeth that mesh with two internally splined flanged sleeves. The massive size of the teeth makes them resemble gears. Gear couplings offer good torque characteristics but require periodic lubrication. These couplings can also be expensive and have a limited number of applications.
Another type of flexible coupling is the SDP/SI helical coupling. These couplings can accommodate axial motion, angular misalignment, and parallel offset. This design incorporates a spiral pattern that makes them flexible. These couplings are available in stainless steel and aluminum.
A flexible coupling has a wide range of applications. Generally, it is used to connect two rotating pieces of equipment. Depending on its design, it can be used to join two pieces of machinery that move in different directions. This type of coupling is a type of elastomeric coupling, which has elastic properties.
There are many types of flexible couplings available for different types of applications. The purpose of a flexible coupling is to transmit rotational power from one shaft to another. It is also useful for transmitting torque. However, it is important to note that not all flexible couplings are created equally. Make sure to use a reputable brand for your coupling needs. It will ensure a reliable connection.
The simplest and most commonly used type of flexible coupling is the grid coupling. This type of coupling uses two hubs with slotted surfaces. The steel grid is allowed to slide along these slots, which gives it the ability to flex. The only limitation of this type of coupling is that it can only tolerate a 1/3 degree misalignment. It can transmit torques up to 3,656 Nm.
Magnetic coupling
Magnetic coupling is a technique used to transfer torque from one shaft to another using a magnetic field. It is the most common type of coupling used in machinery. It is highly effective when transferring torque from a rotating motor to a rotating shaft. Magnetic couplings can handle high torques and high speeds.
Magnetic coupling is described by the energy difference between a high-spin state and a broken symmetry state, with the former being the energy of a true singlet state. In single-determinant theories, this energy difference is called the Kij. Usually, the broken-symmetry state is a state with two interacting local high-spin centers.
The magnetic coupling device is regarded as a qualitative leap in the reaction still industry. It has solved a number of problems that had plagued the industry, including flammability, explosiveness, and leakage. Magnetic couplings are a great solution for many applications. The chemical and pharmaceutical industries use them for various processes, including reaction stills.
Magnetic couplings are a good choice for harsh environments and for tight spaces. Their enclosed design keeps them fluid and dust-proof. They are also corrosion-resistant. In addition, magnetic couplings are more affordable than mechanical couplings, especially in areas where access is restricted. They are also popular for testing and temporary installations.
Another use for magnetic coupling is in touch screens. While touch screens use capacitive and resistive elements, magnetic coupling has found a cool new application in wireless charging. While the finger tracking on touch screens may seem like a boley job, the process is very sensitive. The devices that use wireless charging need to have very large coils that are locked into resonant magnetic coupling.
Magnetic couplings also help reduce hydraulic horsepower. They cushion starts and reduce alignment problems. They can also improve flow in oversized pumps. A magnetic coupling with an 8 percent air gap can reduce hydraulic HP by approximately 27 percent. In addition, they can be used in aggressive environments. They also help reduce repair costs.
Magnetic couplings are a great choice for pumps and propeller systems because they have the added advantage of being watertight and preventing shaft failure. These systems also have the benefit of not requiring rotating seals.
Shaft coupling
A shaft coupling joins two shafts and transmits rotational motion. Generally, shaft couplings allow for some degree of misalignment, but there are also torque limiters. Selecting the right coupling can save you time and money and prevent equipment downtime. Here are the main features to consider when purchasing a coupling for your application.
Shaft couplings should be easy to install and disassemble, transmit full power to the mated shaft, and reduce shock loads. A shaft coupling that does not have projecting parts should be used for machines that move or rotate at high speeds. Some types of shaft couplings are flexible while others are rigid.
Shaft couplings can be used in a variety of applications, including piping systems. They can be used to connect shafts that are misaligned and help maintain alignment. They can also be used for vibration dampening. Shaft couplings also allow shafts to be disconnected when necessary.
Shaft couplings can accommodate a certain amount of backlash, but this backlash must be well within the tolerance set by the system. Extremely high backlash can break the coupling and cause excessive wear and stress. In addition, excessive backlash can lead to erratic alignment readings. To avoid these issues, operators must reduce backlash to less than 2deg.
Shaft couplings are often referred to by different names. Some are referred to as “sliced” couplings while others are known as “slit” couplings. Both types offer high torque and torsional stiffness. These couplings are typically made from metals with various alloys, such as acetal, stainless steel, or titanium.
CZPT Pulley produces shaft couplings for a variety of applications. These products are used in high-power transmission systems. They have several advantages over friction couplings. In addition to minimizing wear, they don’t require lubrication. They are also capable of transmitting high torque and high speeds.
Another type of shaft coupling is the universal coupling. It is used to transmit power to multiple machines with different spindles. Its keyed receiving side and flanges allow it to transmit power from one machine to another.
editor by czh 2022-12-18